Episode Notes:

Samu Paukkunen and James Black recently wrote, "Deterring Russia Beneath the Waves: Securing NATO's Critical Undersea Infrastructure," where they addressed the growing threat to undersea infrastructure and how NATO can better mitigate these threats to build stronger deterrence and resilience. The authors joined Nicole to discuss how Russia might exploit NATO's dependence on undersea cables — and what coordinated responses the alliance could mount below the conventional threshold to counter Russia's hybrid tactics.

Image: Midjourney