Episode Notes:

For seven months, the countries of the European Union have watched a war unfold on their continent. Leaders and voters alike have come together in support of Ukraine, deploying diplomatic, financial and military tools to resist Russia's invasion. But with mounting economic challenges, political divisions and a looming energy crisis, questions remain about whether their solidarity can last. To answer these questions, and to better understand how European thinking on foreign policy and defense has evolved since February, we've been joined by a number of distinguished observers from across the continent.

On September 30th, Nicholas Danforth spoke to Ulrike Franke, a senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations. She told us about how the invasion of Ukraine has reshaped German attitudes toward defense, as well as Germany's search for energy security.

[1:08] Nord Stream

[3:02] Attitudes toward defense

[6:02] Europe's periphery

[9:50] Energy

[13:34] Attitudes toward Ukraine

[15:32] China