Episode Notes:

On 9/11, President Vladimir Putin was the first foreign leader to call President George W. Bush and offer condolences to the American people. Before that moment and for years afterward, Washington believed Russia could be a legitimate counterterrorism partner — but Anna Borshchevskaya argues Russia exploited that naivety to its long-term strategic advantage against the West. In the final episode of the 9/11 at 25 series, Nicole and Anna discuss how Russia benefited from the Global War on Terror, and Moscow's own long pattern of propping up terrorism around the world, dating back to the Soviet Union.

Anna Borchevskaya is a Senior Fellow at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, where she focuses on Russia's policy towards the Middle East. She is the author of the 2021 book, Putin's War in Syria: Russian Foreign Policy and the Price of America's Absence , which Financial Times cited as one of the top twelve books on Syria.

Image: Eric Draper via Wikimedia Commons